[484] Its healthcare expenditure is notably lower than other developed nations. [509], Russia has eightpublic, patriotic, and religiousofficial holidays. Political circumstances and Soviet accomplishments in military, scientific, and technological matters (especially cosmonautics), gave Russian a worldwide prestige, especially during the mid-20th century. During and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, wide-ranging reforms including privatisation and market and trade liberalisation were undertaken, including radical changes along the lines of "shock therapy". [citation needed], Clusters of four consonants are not very common, especially within a morpheme. Available for over a year. Russia has also sought to increase its influence in the Middle East, most significantly through military intervention in the Syrian civil war. [citation needed], The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin ( ) in the first third of the 19thcentury. [175] From the time Chechen separatists declared independence in the early 1990s, an intermittent guerrilla war was fought between the rebel groups and Russian forces. [365][366] Russia's oil and gas production has led to deep economic relationships with the European Union, China, and former Soviet and Eastern Bloc states. The Havana State University has started a bachelor's specialization called the Russian Language and the Second Foreign Language. Borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the Old East Slavic and spoken dialects at this time, which in their turn modified the Old Church Slavonic as well. Soledar has been the centre of Russian aggression in recent days as it lies [306], Russia's autocratic[307] political system has been variously described as a kleptocracy,[308] an oligarchy,[309] and a plutocracy. Ukraine sent more than 100 Russian soldiers 'to Hell' in a coordinated strike on the frontlines in the battle for the control of Soledar, its military has claimed.. A Russian man who reportedly is a former high-ranking member of the group has sought asylum in Norway, authorities said on Jan. 16, 2023. It is one of four living East Slavic languages,[h] and is also a part of the larger Balto-Slavic languages. In winter, temperatures get colder both from south to north and from west to east. [143], After World War II, parts of Eastern and Central Europe, including East Germany and eastern parts of Austria were occupied by Red Army according to the Potsdam Conference. Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary. Moscow, an insider guide to Russia's mighty metropolis", "Population density (people per sq. The phoneme /ts/ is generally considered to be always hard; however, loan words such as and some other neologisms contain /ts/ through the word-building processes (e.g. [467][468] Some religious minorities have faced oppression and some have been banned in the country;[469] notably, in 2017 the Jehovah's Witnesses were outlawed in Russia, facing persecution ever since, after having been declared an "extremist" and "nontraditional" faith. [citation needed], According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent ( ) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. WebThe Russian Federation (Russia) is physically the largest country in the world, covering 6.6 million square miles and 11 time zones over its 6,000-mile length. Even modern readers of younger age may only experience slight difficulties understanding some words in Pushkin's texts, since relatively few words used by Pushkin have become archaic or changed meaning. Emergency personnel work at the site where an apartment block was heavily damaged by a Russian missile strike, amid Russia's attack on Ukraine, in Dnipro, Ukraine January 15, 2023. Here's how to fix it", "Russian domination at the Australian Open", "Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics Athletes, Medals & Results", "Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics Athletes, Medals & Results", "Will Russia Be Thrown Out of the Olympics on Monday? [566], The first great Russian novelist was Nikolai Gogol. [600] Beef Stroganoff,[601]:266 Chicken Kiev,[601]:320 pelmeni,[602] and shashlyk are popular meat dishes. The Russian republic was established immediately after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and became a union republic in 1922. [213], Russia has nine major mountain ranges, and they are found along the southernmost regions, which share a significant portion of the Caucasus Mountains (containing Mount Elbrus, which at 5,642m (18,510ft) is the highest peak in Russia and Europe);[7] the Altai and Sayan Mountains in Siberia; and in the East Siberian Mountains and the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East (containing Klyuchevskaya Sopka, which at 4,750m (15,584ft) is the highest active volcano in Eurasia). . . . [citation needed], The Russian language in the world declined after 1991 due to the collapse of the Soviet Union and decrease in the number of Russians in the world and diminution of the total population in Russia (where Russian is an official language), however this[clarification needed] has since been reversed. A large part of the population, especially the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign language. [144] Dependent communist governments were installed in the Eastern Bloc satellite states. [459], After the collapse of the Soviet Union, there was a renewal of religions in Russia, with the revival of the traditional faiths and the emergence of new forms within the traditional faiths as well as many new religious movements. [209] Russia is second only to Brazil by total renewable water resources. Mike Myrianthis, a Greek oil industry veteran, believes that whoever bombed the Nord Stream 2 pipeline opened a can of worms. [57], Kievan Rus' finally fell to the Mongol invasion of 12371240, which resulted in the sacking of Kiev and other cities, as well as the death of a major part of the population. [518], There are many popular non-public holidays. Also, the second palatalization of velars did not occur there, so the so-called (from the Proto-Slavic diphthong *ai) did not cause /k, , x/ to shift to /ts, dz, s/; therefore, where Standard Russian has ('chain'), the form [kep] is attested in earlier texts. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with many different meanings. (Ty syl pechenye? [104] The Provisional Government proclaimed the Russian Republic in September. All this formed the climate for the Russian Revolution of 1917, carried out in two major acts. [586] Peter Kropotkin was the most important theorist of anarcho-communism. About 2 million years ago, representatives of Homo erectus migrated to the Taman Peninsula in southern Russia. A new constitution was adopted, and Russia has since been governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. [j] In 1993, when the new constitution was adopted, there were 89 federal subjects listed, but some were later merged. [420], According to the World Tourism Organization, Russia was the sixteenth-most visited country in the world, and the tenth-most visited country in Europe, in 2018, with over 24.6 million visits. 2017. km of land area)", "Fertility rate, total (births per woman) Russian Federation", "Russia's Putin seeks to stimulate birth rate", "Migrants Welcome: Is Russia Trying To Solve Its Demographic Crisis By Attracting Foreigners? These vowels have several allophones, which are displayed on the diagram to the right. Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia underwent an intense centrally [275] Russia's relations with neighboring Ukraine and the Western worldespecially the United States, the European Union, and NATOhave collapsed; especially following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 and the consequent escalation in 2022. "Did you eat the cookie?) Alexander Herzen is known as one of the fathers of agrarian populism. WebRussian language, Russian Russki yazyk, principal state and cultural language of Russia. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics. [473] Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. [68], The death of Ivan's sons marked the end of the ancient Rurik dynasty in 1598, and in combination with the disastrous famine of 16011603, led to a civil war, the rule of pretenders, and foreign intervention during the Time of Troubles in the early 17th century. [511] Defender of the Fatherland Day, dedicated to men, is celebrated on 23 February. [568] Following Pushkin's footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolay Nekrasov, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet. [50], In Belarus, Russian is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Belarus. [160] On 17 March, a referendum was held, in which the vast majority of participating citizens voted in favour of changing the Soviet Union into a renewed federation. During the conflict, Russian troops overran East Prussia, reaching Berlin. The punctuation, originally based on Byzantine Greek, was in the 17th and 18th centuries reformulated on the French and German models. [67] Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language. [citation needed], Dialectal differentiation accelerated after the breakup of Kievan Rus' in approximately 1100. [145] After becoming the world's second nuclear power,[146] the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact alliance,[147] and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the Cold War, with the rivaling United States and NATO. [citation needed]. [381], Various analysts of climate change adaptation foresee large opportunities for Russian agriculture during the rest of the 21st century as arability increases in Siberia, which would lead to both internal and external migration to the region. . [48], The ancestors of Russians are among the Slavic tribes that separated from the Proto-Indo-Europeans, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe c.1500years ago. [55] According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%. [71] Nevertheless, the Turkmen state press and newspaper Neytralny Turkmenistan regularly publish material version in Russian-language, and there are schools like Joint Turkmen-Russian Secondary School. Mountain ranges in the south and east obstruct the flow of warm air masses from the Indian and Pacific oceans, while the European Plain spanning its west and north opens it to influence from the Atlantic and Arctic oceans. The gradual but steady emergence of the Grand Principality of Moscow (12631547) later the Tsardom of Russia from 1547 as the dominant and ever-expanding polity of the Rus', necessitated the earliest attempts at standardization of the East Slavic language based on the Moscow dialect. The hard consonants are often velarized, especially before front vowels, as in Irish and Marshallese. [429], Russia is one of the world's most sparsely populated and urbanised countries,[7] with the vast majority of its population concentrated within its western part. [148] After Stalin's death in 1953 and a short period of collective rule, the new leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin and launched the policy of de-Stalinization, releasing many political prisoners from the Gulag labor camps. [343] High regional disparity is also an issue. Ethnic groups in Russia with a population of over 1 million according to the 2010 census. [137], The 19411945 period of World WarII is known in Russia as the Great Patriotic War. [77], In Vietnam, Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. [53][54], In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. [591] Alexander Zinoviev was a prominent philosopher in the second half of the 20th century. [citation needed] Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features (such as fricative [] in Southern Russian dialects) are still observed in colloquial speech. WebRussian language, Russian Russki yazyk, principal state and cultural language of Russia. Russia's national symbol, the double-headed eagle, dates back to the Tsardom period, and is featured in its coat of arms and heraldry. [337][338] It relies heavily on revenues from oil and gas-related taxes and export tariffs, which accounted for 45% of Russia's federal budget revenues in January 2022,[339] and up to 60% of its exports in 2019. USA Foreign Service Institute Russian basic course, Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_language&oldid=1133342932, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles needing additional references from August 2022, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Russian-language text, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Lang and lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2022, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles containing Old East Slavic-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. 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