twa 800 autopsy report
Although the source that led to the explosion was never discovered, the investigation concluded the crashs cause was not a terrorist attack, but an electrical failure that ignited a nearly empty center wing fuel tank in the 25-year-old aircraft. The NTSB and the FBI have designated liaisons to ensure that information flows between agencies, and to coordinate on-scene operations. In April 1998, the FBI provided the NTSB with the identities of the witnesses, but due to the time elapsed, a decision was made to rely on the original FBI documents rather than reinterview witnesses. The coroner who oversaw the autopsies on most of the victims of T.W.A. Analysis revealed that the severity of injury and anatomic injury pattern did not generally correlate with seating position or structural damage. The FQIS on Flight 800 is known to have been malfunctioning; the captain remarked on "crazy" readings from the system about 2 minutes and 30 seconds before the aircraft exploded. The website of The New York Times had its traffic increase to 1.5 million views per day, 50% higher than its previous rate. [1]:258 Of the 5% of the fuselage that was not recovered, none of the missing areas was large enough to have covered all the damage that would have been caused by the detonation of a bomb or missile. [1]:85, Because no evidence was found that an explosive device detonated in this (or any other) area of the airplane, this overpressure event could only have been caused by a fuel-air explosion in the CWT. Among other things, the act gives NTSB, instead of the particular airline involved, responsibility for coordinating services to the families of victims of fatal aircraft accidents in the United States. [26][27][28] Since the NTSB does not investigate criminal activity, the United States Attorney General is empowered to declare an investigation to be linked to a criminal act, and require the NTSB to relinquish control of the investigation to the FBI. Medical Examiner Wetli said only half of the 100 bodies retrieved from the ocean so far had been processed, meaning photographed, fingerprinted, weighed, X-rayed, and autopsied. In 1996, few U.S. government websites were updated daily, but the United States Navy's crash website was constantly updated and had detailed information about the salvage of the crash site. Following its final report on the crash, the National Transportation Safety Board issued several safety recommendations including regular maintenance programs and design standards for fuel tanks. After missile visibility tests were conducted in April 2000, at Eglin Air Force Base, Fort Walton Beach, Florida,[1]:254 the NTSB determined that if witnesses had observed a missile attack, they would have seen: Because of their unique vantage points or the level of precision and detail provided in their accounts, five witness accounts generated special interest:[1]:242243 the pilot of Eastwind Airlines Flight 507, the crew members in the HH-60 helicopter, a streak-of-light witness aboard US Airways Flight 217, a land witness on the Beach Lane Bridge in Westhampton Beach, New York, and a witness on a boat near Great Gun Beach. SMITHTOWN, N.Y. Passengers in the first-class section of TWA Flight 800 suffered the most extensive injuries of the victims recovered so far, investigators said Monday, strengthening . These plugs were blown out following the explosion of Flight 800. These records range from 1996 to 1998 and concern FBI forensic analysis associated with the Bureaus crash investigation. [51]:56 This conclusion was reached after calculating how long the sound of the initial explosion took to reach the witnesses, and using that to correlate the witness observations with the accident sequence. Crash", "Behind a Calm Facade, Chaos, Distrust, Valor", International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers: Analysis and Recommendations Regarding T.W.A. When investigative priority remains with the NTSB, the FBI must coordinate its investigative activities with the NTSB investigator-in-charge. Accident investigators from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) traveled to the scene, arriving the following morning[1]:313 amid speculation that a terrorist attack was the cause of the crash. So far, Wetli said he cannot rule out a bomb as the cause, but he said he has found no evidence of one, such as metal and bomb parts trapped in bodies. They ask whether they smoked, since teeth would reflect tobacco stains, and whether they had moles and where. When the explosion occurred, some may have had a sudden panic attack for . [1]:273, Similarly, the investigation considered the possibility that a small explosive charge placed on the CWT could have been the ignition source. Nearly all pieces of the 170-ton jet were recovered from the ocean floor and reconstructed as part of the ensuing investigation. [73][74] Destruction of the wreckage was scheduled for completion before the end of 2021.[72]. The NTSB sought and secured language[citation needed] to clarify the issue in 49 USC 1131(a)(2)(B), which was amended in 2000 to read: .mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}, If the Attorney General, in consultation with the Chairman of the [NTSB], determines and notifies the [NTSB] that circumstances reasonably indicate that the accident may have been caused by an intentional criminal act, the [NTSB] shall relinquish investigative priority to the [FBI]. Results: All 230 passengers of TWA Flight 800 were recovered as fatalities. [44]:5 Witnesses were not asked to review or correct the summaries. [44]:10 Because of time that had elapsed (about 21 months) before the NTSB received information about the identity of the witnesses, the witness group chose not to reinterview the witnesses, but instead to rely on the original summaries of witness statements written by FBI agents as the best available evidence of the observations initially reported by the witnesses. A safety board investigator later reviewed FBI interview notes and briefed other board investigators on their contents. Funds for the memorial were raised by the Families of TWA Flight 800 Association. The flight departed at 8:19 p.m. in muggy, but "fairly clear" weather, according to The New York Times, blowing apart in a fiery explosion 12 minutes later. EAST MORICHES, N.Y. (AP) _ The coroner said today he doubts that TWA Flight 800 passengers experienced the horror of a free fall and thinks most suffered an almost instantaneous death. THE DEAD DO SOMETIMES TELL tales, if you know how to look for them. [54]:6. I made two visits to the mockup the NTSB assembled from the wreckage in a hangar on Long Island at the time, he says. The elimination of the possibility of any reoccurrence of the same kind of incident is virtually always the fruit of an extensive accident investigation, and this one was certainly about as extensive as humanly possible.. In reality, it is a very slow and tedious process. "[1]:265 In addition, 18 witnesses reported seeing a streak of light that originated at the surface, or the horizon, which did not "appear to be consistent with the airplane's calculated flightpath and other known aspects of the accident sequence. [1]:2 Weather in the area was light winds with scattered clouds,[1]:256 with dusk lighting conditions. [31]:3[41]:4 The International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, an invited party to the NTSB investigation, criticized the undocumented removal by FBI agents of wreckage from the hangar where it was stored. In this case, the victim was a Long Island dentist who had assisted forensic dentists in the medical examiner's office. [44]:6 After the FBI raised concerns about nongovernmental parties in the NTSB's investigation having access to this information and possible prosecutorial difficulties resulting from multiple interviews of the same witness,[44]:6 the NTSB deferred and did not interview witnesses to the crash. [An] explosion of the center wing fuel tank (CWT), resulting from ignition of the flammable fuel/air mixture in the tank. Evidence of arcing was found in a wire bundle that included FQIS wiring connecting to the center wing tank. [69], The TWA Flight 800 International Memorial was dedicated in a 2-acre (8,100m2) parcel immediately adjoining the main pavilion at Smith Point County Park in Shirley, New York, on July 14, 2004. He said some of them are afraid that debris or body parts will wash up. He had 17,000 flight hours, with more than 4,700 of them on the Boeing 747. [1]:118 These samples were submitted to the FBI's laboratory in Washington, DC, which determined that one sample contained traces of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), another nitroglycerin, and the third a combination of RDX and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN);[1]:118 these findings received much media attention at the time. [42], Although considerable discrepancies existed between different accounts, most witnesses to the accident had seen a "streak of light" that was described by 38 of 258 witnesses as ascending,[1]:232 moving to a point where a large fireball appeared, with several witnesses reporting that the fireball split in two as it descended toward the water. TWA Flight 800 On July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800 crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off of Long Island, New York. ''I would not want to read the autopsy of my loved one,'' Dr. Wetli said in an interview. "[1]:259, To evaluate the sequence of structural breakup of the airplane, the NTSB formed the Sequencing Group,[1]:100 which examined individual pieces of the recovered structure, two-dimensional reconstructions or layouts of sections of the airplane, and various-sized three-dimensional reconstructions of portions of the airplane. As not all components and wiring were recovered, pinpointing the source of the necessary voltage was not possible. In July 2006, an abstract black granite statue of a 10-foot-high (3.0m) lighthouse was added above a tomb holding many of the victims' personal belongings. [1]:256, At the start of FBI's investigation, because of the possibility that international terrorists might have been involved, assistance was requested from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). [1]:93 Military records examined by the NTSB showed no military surface vessels within 15 nautical miles (28km; 17mi) of TWA800 at the time of the accident. [51]:2 CIA analysts, relying on sound-propagation analysis, concluded that the witnesses could not be describing a missile approaching an intact aircraft, but were seeing a trail of burning fuel coming from the aircraft after the initial explosion. [specify] The agencies lacked a detailed protocol describing which agency should take the lead when whether an event was an accident or a criminal act was initially unclear. N93119, the aircraft involved in the accident, in May 1995. Even as trauma specialists comforted the families of victims at Kennedy airport, they have been attending carefully to the search teams, pathologists and investigators exposed to the human horrors being pulled from the ocean. Once victims are identified, investigators will plot them and their detailed injuries atop a seating chart of Flight 800 provided by TWA to determine if the pattern of injuries explains the nature of the explosion that caused the crash. [51]:5 In all cases, the witnesses could not be describing a missile approaching an intact aircraft, as the plane had already exploded before their observations began. Officials called off the search as Coast Guard crews were attempting to retrieve what they believed was a significant piece of wreckage, based on sonar detection and a bubbling pool of jet fuel at the ocean's surface. [1]:258259 Testing conducted by the FAA's Technical Center indicated that residues of the type of explosives found on the wreckage would dissipate completely after two days of immersion in sea water (almost all recovered wreckage was immersed longer than two days). Thus, the gauge anomaly could have been caused by a short to the FQIS wiring. [44]:12[52], The NTSB's review of the released witness documents determined that they contained 736 witness accounts, of which 258 were characterized as "streak of light" witnesses ("an object moving in the sky variously described [as] a point of light, fireworks, a flare, a shooting star, or something similar. So far, only a couple of families have received the reports, and Dr. Wetli declined to give specifics. [29] In the case of TWA 800, the FBI initiated a parallel criminal investigation alongside the NTSB's accident investigation. The NTSB was never able to pin-point the precise cause, but it was clear that it was from within the tank.. [1]:58 The victims' remains were transported to the Suffolk County Medical Examiner's Office in Hauppauge, New York. The FBI's earliest investigations and interviews, later used by the NTSB, were performed under the assumption of a missile attack, a fact noted in the NTSB's final report. The FBI conducted an investigation into the crash to determine if terrorist action was involved in the tragedy; no such action was found in our investigation. [51]:6, As the investigation progressed, the NTSB decided to form a witness group to more fully address the accounts of witnesses. [1]:270 The NTSB further concluded, "the witnesses' observations of one or more fireballs were of the airplane's burning wreckage falling toward the ocean". [1]:1 All 230 people on board died in the crash; it is the third-deadliest aviation accident in U.S. history. Many recommendations came out of the completed investigation, including everything from changes in daily operational procedures to modifications of the center fuel tanks on other 747s, Oakley says. 22b, p. 67, The pathways the wreckage took as it fell to the ocean[1]:fig. [citation needed], For the FQIS to have been Flight 800's ignition source, a transfer of higher-than-normal voltage to the FQIS would have needed to occur, as well as some mechanism whereby the excess energy was released by the FQIS wiring into the CWT. [1]:100 In addition, the locations of pieces of wreckage at the time of recovery and differences in fire effects on pieces that are normally adjacent to each other were evaluated. "As physicians, part of our training is being able to separate -- to empathize without sympathizing," said Wetli, who was deputy medical examiner in Dade County, Fla., during Hurricane Andrew. The NTSB Final Report gives Oliver Krick's age as being 24. [59], The wreckage was moved to an NTSB facility in Ashburn, Virginia, that was custom-built for the purpose. [32]:3 Ultimately, remains of all 230 victims were recovered and identified, the last over 10 months after the crash. [56] In 2014, the NTSB declined the petition to reopen the investigation. To me, it is impossible for secrets like this to be kept secret very long.. EDT, 12 minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport, on a scheduled international passenger flight to Rome, with a stopover in Paris. The tortuous search for bodies and plane remnants was delayed as rain, wind and fog rendered the Atlantic impassable for search crews. This authority includes interviewing witnesses. [1]:261 A major reason for the flammability of the fuel-air vapor in the CWT of the 747 was the large amount of heat generated and transferred to the CWT by air conditioning packs located directly below the tank;[1]:298 with the CWT temperature raised to a sufficient level, a single ignition source could cause an explosion. At Dr. Wetli's request, State Attorney General Dennis C. Vacco issued an opinion on Tuesday saying the families were legally entitled to the documents. [44]:5 Included in some of the witness summaries were drawings or diagrams of what the witness observed. [1]:100 The Sequencing Group concluded that the first event in the breakup sequence was a fracture in the wing center section of the aircraft, caused by an "overpressure event" in the center wing fuel tank (CWT). The spacecraft was exposed to re-entry temperatures of 3,000 degrees while traveling at 12,500 mph, or 18 times the speed of sound. [1]:290 Finally, the CWT fuel quantity gauge was recovered and indicated 640pounds instead of the 300pounds that had been loaded into that tank. The captain's CVR channel showed two "dropouts" of background power harmonics in the second before the recording ended (with the separation of the nose). Two Coast Guard crew members who spent two days and nights pulling bodies from the ocean were so traumatized by what they had seen and touched that they were in serious emotional distress, according to local watermen who know them. Fuel-air explosion in the center wing fuel tank, In-flight breakup sequence and crippled flight, Analysis of reported witness observations, Possible ignition sources of the center wing fuel tank, Missile fragment or small explosive charge. [1]:89 Attention was drawn to data from the Islip, New York, ARTCC facility that showed three tracks in the vicinity of TWA 800 that did not appear in any of the other radar data. What many thought was a missile was actually the death throes of an airplane that briefly went up before it, sadly and inevitably, went down, Oakley says. Accordingly, the NTSB decommissioned the wreckage in July 2021. ")[1]:230 The NTSB witness group concluded that the streak of light reported by witnesses might have been the actual airplane during some stage of its flight before the fireball developed, noting that most of the 258 streak-of-light accounts were generally consistent with the calculated flightpath of the accident airplane after the CWT explosion. "[1]:265 Regarding these differing accounts, the NTSB noted that based on their experience in previous investigations "witness reports are often inconsistent with the known facts or with other witnesses' reports of the same events. A U.S. government inquiry determined that a mixture of fuel and air had ignited accidentally within a fuel tank . [1]:266 The NTSB concluded that given the large number of witnesses in this case, they "did not expect all of the documented witness observations to be consistent with one another"[1]:269 and "did not view these apparently anomalous witness reports as persuasive evidence that some witnesses might have observed a missile. Flight 800, "Documents Pertaining to Witnesses 300-399", "Witness Group Chairman's Factual Report", "Flight Data Recorder Group Chairman's Factual Report", "Source: Traces of 2nd explosive found in TWA debris", "Metallurgy/Structures Group Chairman Factual Report Sequencing Study", "Solving the Mystery of the "Missile Sightings", "Witnesses 4 - Group Chairman Factual Report - Appendix Z - Interview transcript Capt. The aircraft had completed 16,869 flights with 93,303 hours of operation and was powered by four Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7AH turbofan engines. Or purchase a subscription for unlimited access to real news you can count on. 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